The History and Evolution of Title Vii and Its Amendments...

a. The history and evolution of Title VII and its amendments (PDA, ADA, Adea). b. The application of Title VII and amendments in the workplace. In 1943 Congress introduced the very first equal employment bill but it failed to pass both houses. Congress for the next twenty years introduced equal employment bills but they were either kicked by committee or died under the threat of Senate filibusters. The failure of these bills were no surprise given the history of discrimination in this country but what was a surprise was the success of the equal employment provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Before the assignation of President John F. Kennedy in 1963, he supported Title VII which was part of a broad program of the†¦show more content†¦According to The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (n.d.), â€Å"The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on their age and it applies to both job applicants and employees. With regards to condition, any term or privilege of employment, it is against the law under the ADEA to discriminate against a person because of his/her age which includes layoff promotion, compensation, hiring, firing, training, job assignments and benefits. It is also unlawful for an employer to discriminate against anyone for opposing employment practices that discriminate based on age or for filing as age discrimination charge, testifying or participating in an in an investigation proceeding or litigation under the ADEA† (para.1). â€Å"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Title I does not allow any private employers, local, and state governments, labor unions and employment agencies from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, firing, hiring, job training, advancement and other terms, privileges, and conditions of employment† (The U.S. Equal Employment OpportunityShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages44 Information Sources 44 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 62 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 63 The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 63 Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 64 Relevant Executive Orders 64 vii WORKPLACE ISSUES: HRM Certification 44 Is a Career in HRM for Me? 45 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Purposely Distorting Information 46 Does HRM Really Matter? 46 HR Trends and Opportunities 47 Outsourcing 47 Professional Employer Organization (PEO) 47 Shared

Understanding The Intricacies Of Ministry - 1231 Words

A Practical Approach to Understanding the Intricacies of Ministry For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. - Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics Like any other profession, the call to ministry requires intense preparation. In fact, the process of personal and professional development of clerical leaders demands the necessary interplay between theory and praxis. Certainly, while courses in exegesis, ethics, systematic theology and critical interpretation among others are designed to expand the theoretical, supervised ministry transports the budding theologian directly into the practical realm of ministry through practice . Over the course of the semester I have gleaned valuable insights through baptism by emersion into the often-unseen realities that shape ministry within the context of local congregations. Often the external structures visible to members of the laity do not accurately reveal the internal elements of planning, organizing, and coordination required for effective ministry. Certainly, my experience has reaffirmed the notion that ministry can be demanding. In other words, I have come to the conclusion that the call to ministry is a call to challenging, yet meaningful work. At the very onset of the supervised ministry process, I relished the opportunity to increase my understanding of the life, and work, of the 21st century minister, I had a myriad of questions concerning issues such as the daily demands on the minister’sShow MoreRelatedMy Goals And Future Plans1536 Words   |  7 Pagesrequired logical thinking, and this was the very reason it had conquered a portion of my mind. Pu rsuing science was everything I ever wanted. 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Theories Explaining Juvenile Crime Essay examples

Theories Explaining Juvenile Crime Many theories, at both the macro and micro level, have been proposed to explain juvenile crime. Some prominent theories include Social Disorganization theory, Differential Social Organization theory, Social Control theory, and Differential Association theory. When determining which theories are more valid, the question must be explored whether people deviate because of what they learn or from how they are controlled? Mercer L. Sullivan’s book, â€Å"Getting Paid† Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City clearly suggests that the learning theories both at the macro level, Differential social organization, and micro level, Differential association theory, are the more accurate of the two types of theory.†¦show more content†¦La Barriada fell in the middle on both categories. This information supports the theory. Ethnicity of the neighborhoods, however, one of the primary reasons for delinquency according to this theory, is not consistent in this study. 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Investigating Intercultural Communication Capstone

Question: Discuss about the Investigating Intercultural Communication Capstone. Answer: Introduction The behavior and the work process of the employees in an organization help the company to perform well in the external market (Shields et al. 2015). The employees should be happy and contend while working in the organization. The junior employees and the senior employees should work together so that no problem crops up and act as a barrier in the smooth functioning of the business. Any issue within the workplace should be resolved at the earliest so that it does not pose further threat to the company (O'Rourke 2016). Not only the junior employees but also the senior employees should keep a check on the issues so that the issues do not create bigger problem that will; not only harms the business but might also tarnish the reputation of the company. Issues can crop from various fronts like employee engagement, communication among the employees, recruitment process or leadership styles. One Stop is a retail chain that is operating in the market of Australia. It is a mid-level of organization with around 200 staffs working for the company. Recently, some issues related to the management of the employees have cropped up in One Stop. The report will look into vacuous issues that One Stop is facing currently. The report will then discuss the theories that could be applied in such situation to tackle the issues in the organization. Even though the theoeis may not be applied in the practical environment, yet it will provide a base for the solution in the organization. Based on the theories, certain strategies will be made in the organization. Finally, the strategies that could be implemented in the organization tackle the issues will be discussed. It is expected that the strategies will help One Stop to perform in a better manner by resolving the issues. Identification of the issue Different issues that have been identified in the One Stop are regarding the human resource management. In some instances, the employees are not happy with the organization and in some instances, the senior managers are at fault. Holding the junior employees accountable The first issue that has been found out in the marketing department. The marketing department is the face of the organization (Nahavandi 2016). They represent the organizations as well as bring business for the organizations (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013). As a result, the senior manager of that department should be able to handle the employees so that they are able to perform their business well (Fairhurst and Connaughton 2014). However, the manager of the marketing department does not perform, as he should do in the company. The main problem of the manager was that the individual held the junior employees responsible for any issue in the department. At times, the new recruits were held responsible for doing any mistake. It might happen that the senior manager is not meeting the clients. It is the job of the junior employees to meet the clients and carry out the promotional activities (Tourish 2014). If the junior employees were not performing well, it would have been the job of the senior manger to look after their work (Renz 2016). If the senior manager holds the junior employees responsible for not doing the job without giving him any training, then it would not only result in under development of the employees but also the business of the organization will also reduce (Chemers 2014). Lack of non-verbal communication Carrying out non-verbal communication in the organization is not into practice in the departmental level of One Stop. When the CEO of the company or the directors has to communicate, they use mails to talk about the problem or give information. The senior managers of every department get to know about the information or problems with the help of mails. Later, there are meetings that help the senior managers to communicate with the senior managers. However, the senior managers communicate with the junior employees verbally. Moreover, the junior employees also communicate verbally among themselves. There is no use of mail or texts among the senior employees and the junior employees. Even if the junior employee is communicating with the senor employees, they tell the problems verbally. They neither give any information non-verbally nor get any information. As a result, confusion has started occurring in the department. There is no record of any official information that has been transac ted among the employees. Due to the absence of any records, they are facing issues as none of the employees have remembered the context that they have talked about (Bonaccio et al. 2016). When in need of any record, there is nothing in hand that will show that the topic has been discussed among the employees. They could not find any official mail and hence, the issues started getting more complicated rather than being solved. Problem with motivation The best part of the company is that they keep the employees motivated by giving them proper monetary support. They were given benefits in a timely manner and the employees were happy they are paid for the extra job that they do for the organization. The organization mainly stressed on monetary motivation. The employees were being paid for every extra job they did for the company. If they used to work extra either than normal working hours, they used to get paid extra. However, the problem started with the management of the employees, as they became over-dependent on money, which is not normal. The employee eventually were not ready to do anything extra for the organization during the time of emergency, they expected that they would be paid for the work they are doing for the organization. Whenever they came to know that, they are not being paid for the work they did not get interested for that job. They felt that for every single work they do, the management will pay them. Hence, it could be seen that the only engagement that the employee had with the company is through money they do not have any emotional connection with the company nor they think about the well-being of the company and the only the only connection that had is the money that they are getting from the company. Problem with change Changes are being brought suddenly in the organization without notifying the employees properly. The organization implemented change whenever they saw a problem. When there is any change needed to be implemented in the organization, the employees do have any idea about the reason behind the change and the way it has been implemented by the organization made things worse. They came to know about the change only when the change has been implemented in the organization. As a result, they became resistant to changes and did not accept any kind of decision that has been implemented by the company. Analysis to solve the problem The marketing department has faced issues regarding the senior manager of the department. The senior manager held the junior employees accountable for any kind of issue in the department. Hence, there is huge need of training for the manager. The transformational leadership theory could be applied in this situation. The manager should be trained about transformational leadership and they it will help in the development of the organization. A transformational leader thinks about the development of the employees and guides them if they do any kind of mistake while doing their work (Nahavandi 2016). The transformational leader also helps in the growth of the organization by proper management of the employees (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013). Thus, the senior manager of the marketing department should understand the importance of transformational leadership and implement them so that it not only helps in the development of self and the employees, but the contribution of the transformat ional leader will be remembered by the organization. Solution to change the mode of communication among the employees The communication accommodation theory will be helpful for to make the employees understand the importance of non-verbal communication (Quintanilla and Wahl 2015). There is absence of non-verbal communication among the employees who are at the junior level. They depend on face-to-face communication among themselves. The communication accommodation theory suggests that the people who are communicating with each other should adjust the mode of communication among themselves (Perrin 2015). The senior employees are the ones who can train the employees at the junior level about the importance of non-verbal communication (Keyton et al. 2013). Even if they are communication face-to-face, if there is a need to communicate official information, it should be done over the mail (Jenifer and Raman 2015). Keeping a record of the verbal communication in a non-verbal way is always helpful for proper functioning in the organization (Skovholt, Grnning and Kankaanranta 2014). Solution to tackle the problem of motivation Two types of motivation could be used in an organization (Deci and Ryan 2014). Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation is based on materialistic things that the employees are getting from the organization (Chen et al. 2013). If they do something good, they receive something like money or some other things from the company. When on one hand, the employees perform well for the materialistic gains, on the other hand, the only relationship that the employees will have with the organization is based on money (Mustapha 2014). If there is any emergency, the employees might not be ready to help the company as they would not receive anything intern of their service (Vanthournout et al. 2014). Hence, there is a need of intrinsic motivation that should be embedded among the employees. Intrinsic motivation will help in developing a connection between the employee and the organization. The intrinsic motivation can be explained from Herzbergs theory of motivation (Guilln, Ferrero and Hoffman 2015). According to the theory, there are two types of motivational factors (Bernadette van Rijn, Yang and Sanders 2013). Motivator factors Hygiene factors The employees at One Stop enjoy ample of hygiene factors like benefits, incentives and timely salary. Hence, they should know how to connect to the organization. With the help of hygiene factors, the intrinsic motivation could be enhanced like giving the employees recognition other than just giving them money. It will help the organization to increase the intrinsic motivation and eventually, it will result in decrease in dependency in money. In addition to this, looking after the health and well-being of the employees will also make them feel that the company is thinking about them and eventually they will start thinking about the betterment of the company (Deci and Ryan 2014). Solution to handle the issues of change management To solve the issues that the organization is facing regarding change management, One Stop can make us of the Kotters Eight Steps of Change model. As the name suggest, the model consists of eight steps: Increase urgency Build the guiding team Get the right vision Communicate for buy-in Empower action Create short wins Do not let up Make it stick The main idea is in the initial step that could be suggested to the employer of the organization as far as the situation in One Stop is concerned. The main aim of any change should be the realization (Frankland et al. 2013). The employees should realize the need to change (Mitchell 2013). Urgency should be created among the employees (Lewis, Passmore and Cantore 2016). They should feel that the change would be for the enhancement of business, which will help in the development of the business. Once they understand the reason for the change, they will comply with the organization and will embrace the changes (Pugh 2016). In addition to this, the model suggests that the change should be systematic rather than sudden. The systematic process will help in making the employees believe that the change is happening for their betterment (Hornstein 2015). They will get accustomed to the change gradually and it will be easier for the organization to work in a smoother manner. Strategies to change the behavior of the senior manager As one stop has already faced issues with one manager, chances are high that they might face similar issues with other managers as well. However, once a new manager will be appointed from outside or somebody will be promoted to the senior position, the individual will be given training on the way they are expected to handle the employees. They will be under supervision for one mo nth and if they are unable to show the traits of a transformational leader, then they will be given training. They will be trained about the methods of transformational leadership. In addition to this, the person will be taught the positive side of transformational leadership. Once they will understand that training the employees and not by putting the blame will help them rise, they will eventually follow that path. Strategies to change the mode of communication among the employees The organization will make rule where every decision that are taken in the organization should be communicated with the help of mail or written materials. Any decision that will be taken in the higher department will be communicated to the junior most employee with the help of mail. Eventually, the junior employees will develop the habit of keeping a record of the decisions that have been taken in the organization with the help of mail. There will be lesser confusions in the organization as the information has been communicated among the employees verbally has been transacted non-verbally as well. Strategies to tackle the problem of motivation One Stop will start giving recognition to the employees rather than giving money for every extra job they have done. The organization will start giving titles like employee of the month or employee of the week, and then the employee will get motivated for the title. They will work hard not only for money but for the recognition that they are getting from the company. In addition to this, they can enhance teamwork by giving tile like best team of the month. The employees will understand the value of teamwork and they will think beyond money. On the other hand, the company could implement schemes like employee heath benefits. Working extra will help them get a free appointments at a doctor. The employees will get the feeling that rather than taking just money, the appointment at the doctor will help them stay fit. In addition to this, they will make arrangements for regular checkups of the employees and a gym where they can work out after work. Many employees cannot keep a check on the ir health due to the pressure of private sector jobs. Keeping a gym will help them to keep a check on their heath. As it has been said, the hygiene factors will make the employees feel connected with the organization. The employees will help the company at the time of emergency. Strategies to handle the issues of change management The changes were being introduced randomly and suddenly and that made the employees repel from the change. One Stop will tell about the change at least six months before the change will be implemented. The employees should be given a detailed plan about the change. They should be given a clear idea about the things that they will gain from the change. In addition to this, they should be explained the reason behind the change. Short-term wins will help the employees understand that the change is helping them. They will also understand there is some positive outcome coming from the change. Even after implementation of the change, there should be constant follow with the employees if they are able to perform in the changes environment. It will give an idea that the change is implemented for the good and the business will be enhanced after the change. Conclusion One Stop is mainly into retailing business and after going through the operations of the One Stop, it has been found that the company is suffering from four major management issues. Firstly, the manager of the marketing department is not able to manage the employees properly and blames the junior employees whenever there is an issue. Secondly, there is lack of non-verbal communication. They talk face-to-face but there are no transactions of mails. Thirdly, there is overflow of extrinsic motivation whereas intrinsic motivation is zero. The employees work for the company mainly because they are being paid they do not feel for the company. Finally, change is made randomly in the organization. The employees are not told about any changes and suddenly the change is implemented in the organization. Thus, the employees became repellant to the change. It has been concluded that transformational leadership style should be adhered by the senior manager of the marketing department. One Stop sho uld use communication accommodation theory so that the employees could adjust themselves to the types of communication as per need. They should follow Herzbergs theory of motivation and stress on hygienic factors that will make the employees feel connected with the company. They should Kotters change manage model to implement the change in the organization. The strategy that the organization could apply is to the managers is training about the transformational leadership style. The organization will make a rule that every decision should be communicated non-verbally that is with the help of mail among the employees along with telling them verbally. In this way, there will be important records about the decision and information. The company can give awards like employee of the month or employee of the week and loom after their health by giving health benefit schemes and setting up gym in office. Changes should be communicated to the employees six months before and implement gradually in the organization. In this way, they will get accustomed to the change and will embrace the change. References Bernadette van Rijn, M., Yang, H. and Sanders, K., 2013. Understanding employees' informal workplace learning: The joint influence of career motivation and self-construal.Career development international,18(6), pp.610-628. Bonaccio, S., OReilly, J., OSullivan, S.L. and Chiocchio, F., 2016. Nonverbal Behavior and Communication in the Workplace: A Review and an Agenda for Research.Journal of Management,42(5), pp.1044-1074. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Chen, X., Ma, J., Jin, J. and Fosh, P., 2013. Information privacy, gender differences, and intrinsic motivation in the workplace.International Journal of Information Management,33(6), pp.917-926. Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M., 2014. The importance of universal psychological needs for understanding motivation in the workplace.The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theory, pp.13-32. Fairhurst, G.T. and Connaughton, S.L., 2014. Leadership: A communicative perspective.Leadership,10(1), pp.7-35. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Guilln, M., Ferrero, I. and Hoffman, W.M., 2015. The neglected ethical and spiritual motivations in the workplace.Journal of business ethics,128(4), pp.803-816. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Jenifer, R.D. and Raman, G.P., 2015. Cross-cultural communication barriers in the workplace.Internafional Journal of Management,6(1), pp.348-351. Keyton, J., Caputo, J.M., Ford, E.A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S.A., Liu, T., Polasik, S.S., Ghosh, P. and Wu, C., 2013. Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),50(2), pp.152-169. Lewis, S., Passmore, J. and Cantore, S., 2016.Appreciative inquiry for change management: Using AI to facilitate organizational development. Kogan Page Publishers. Mitchell, G., 2013. Selecting the best theory to implement planned change: Improving the workplace requires staff to be involved and innovations to be maintained. Gary Mitchell discusses the theories that can help achieve this.Nursing Management,20(1), pp.32-37. Mustapha, S.A., 2014.Motivation in the workplace: a study on the support group employees of the International Islamic University Malaysia(Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi MARA). Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. O'Rourke, M., 2016. Employee management: Get the right start in hiring employees.Ag Decision Maker Newsletter,16(1), p.2. Perrin, D., 2015, August. Investigating intercultural communication in the workplace: applied linguistics as research on, for, and with practitioners. InJACET International Convention Selected Papers Volume 3(p. 26). Pugh, L., 2016.Change management in information services. Routledge. Quintanilla, K.M. and Wahl, S.T., 2015.Business and professional communication: keys for workplace excellence. Sage Publications. Renz, D.O., 2016.The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. 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The Vibrators “Pure Mania” free essay sample

â€Å"Pure Mania† by the Vibrators is an incredibly fun punk album from the ?s that is infinitely underrated. Many people have never heard of the Vibrators, which is a shame since the group is amazing. The Vibrators have a poppier sound than other ?s punk acts but still maintain a raw, rebellious feel. The songs on â€Å"Pure Mania† are mostly upbeat, like the endlessly enjoyable â€Å"Yeah Yeah Yeah† or the energetic â€Å"Whips and Furs.† There are a lot of love songs, but none is sappy or whiny, which is incredibly refreshing. Some hardcore punks might not like the poppy feel, or that there is an anti-drug song on the album (â€Å"Keep It Clean†), but the Vibrators definitely arent prudes, and one listen to this album will prove that. Another nice facet of the Vibrators is that they are musically talented perhaps not virtuosos, but good enough. Somehow they manage to craft catchy, danceable punk rock that is a joy to hear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vibrators â€Å"Pure Mania† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Any fan of punk rock, or just good rock n roll in general, should buy this album.

Word Essay Samples For College Class

Word Essay Samples For College ClassThe first part of an essay is the introduction to your paper and these word essay samples for college class will help you build that foundation. They come with different styles that allow you to write in the style you feel most comfortable with, whether you are writing about yourself or a topic that you are studying in college.The idea behind writing college essays is to be able to explain why you are learning something and how you learned it. While you will need to use what you have learned in the course, some things will help your overall essay flow better. Many of the essay samples for college class are as close to college essays as possible without actually being a college essay.These sample letters are also very easy to follow. You do not have to have an advanced education or even know English grammar to follow this style of writing. All you need to do is get started and write the basic information you feel will go best in the paper. These sam ples will include general and detailed information on the topic of your paper.When using this style, it can be helpful to choose just one or two ideas that you want to cover. By doing this, you are not bogged down with a large number of details to organize. You only have one topic to focus on and this helps to keep your thoughts organized and on track.It is important to have a place to start with when learning to use the skills you learned in high school or college that are part of your common skills and experiences. For many of these words samples for a college class, you will have to write what you have learned. One of the most effective ways to get started is to list all the topics you are studying in the particular college class.Once you are sure you have covered every aspect of the class, you can then proceed to creating your own college essay. Your personal experience in the subject matter and the way you have developed your own insight will help you create an essay that shows the most appropriate way to approach the subject. This will provide you with ideas and a starting point for your own journey to better understanding of the course you have chosen.These sample letters help to not only create the outline for your paper, but they are also very useful when looking at the various styles you can use to move the topic forward. They can be very effective tools for making your college essay a successful piece of writing.

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays (2524 words) - Drug Culture

Legalization of Marijuana What Is Marijuana Marijuana, a drug obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the ubiquitous hemp plant Canabis sativa (or Cannabis indica). Smoked by rolling in tobacco paper or placing in a pipe. It is also otherwise consumed worldwide by an estimated 200,000,000 persons for pleasure, an escape from reality, or relaxation. Marijuana is known by a variety of names such as kif (Morocco), dagga (South Africa), and bhang (India). Common in the United States, marijuana is called pot, grass, weed, Mary Jane, bones, etc. The main active principle of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol. The potency of its various forms ranges from a weak drink consumed in India to the highly potent hashish. The following consists of pure cannabis resin. Marijuana is not a narcotic and is not mentally or physically addicting drug. One can use mild cannabis preparations such as marijuana in small amounts for years without physical or mental deterioration. Marijuana serves to diminish inhibitions and acts as an euphoriant. Only once in a while will it produce actual hallucinations. More potent preparations of cannabis such as hashish can induce psychedelic experiences identical to those observed after ingestion of potent hallucinogens such as LSD. Some who smoke marijuana feel no effects; others feel relaxed and sociable, tend to laugh a great deal, and have a profound loss of the sense of time. Characteristically, those under the influence of marijuana show incoordination and impaired ability to perform skilled acts. Still others experience a wide range of emotions including feelings of perception, fear, insanity, happiness, love and anger. Although marijuana is not addicting, it may be habituating. The individual may become psychologically rather than physically dependent on the drug. Legalization Of Marijuana Those who urge the legalization of marijuana maintain the drug is entirely safe. The available data suggested, this is not so, Marijuana occasionally produces acute panic reactions or even transient psychoses. Furthermore, a person driving under the influence of marijuana is a danger to themselves and others. If smoked heavily and a great deal of consistency, its use has been clearly associated with mental breakdown. In many persons who smoke chronically, the drug reinforces passivity and reduces goal-directed, constructive activity. The chronic use of pure resin (hashish) has been associated both with mental deterioration and criminality. One of the major complications of marijuana use is the tendency on the part of some users to progress to more dangerous drugs. Users in economically deprived areas usually go on to heroin, whereas more affluent individuals tend to move from marijuana to more potent hallucinogens such as LSD. There is no established medical use for marijuana or any other cannabis preparation. In the United States, its use is a crime and the laws governing marijuana are similar to those regulating heroin. Many authorities now urge that the laws be modified to mitigate the penalties relating to conviction on marijuana possession charges. The Case For Legalizing Marijuana Use The United States stands apart from many nations in its deep respect for the individual. The strong belief in personal freedom appears early in the nation's history. The Declaration of Independence speaks of every citizen's right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The Constitution and Bill of Rights go further, making specific guarantees. They forbid the government to make unwarranted entry into dwelling places. They forbid seizure of personal property, except when very clear reasons are approved by the courts. They allow every citizen to remain silent in court when accused of a crime. Legal decisions have extended these rights, so that every citizen may feel safe, secure, and sheltered from public view in the privacy of his or her home. The Right To Privacy In recent years, Americans have referred to privacy as one of the basic human rights, something to be claimed by anyone, anywhere. United States citizens feel strongly about this and often tell other countries that they must honor their people's claims to privacy and personal freedom. Foreign leaders often disagree. They resent what they deem arrogant meddling by the United States. Leaders of the Soviet Union, for example, regard individual privacy as trivial when compared to the needs of the state. If the United States is to be persuasive in promoting freedom in other parts of the world, it must respect the privacy of its own citizens. Sometimes it is hard to do this because what goes on in people's private lives may seem offensive. But, according to U.S. traditions, there is a strong case to be made against legislating the private behavior of adults, so long as that behavior does not in turn violate the rights of others. Some people feel that